Axion

Come si fa a pesare una particella di cui non si conosce l’esistenza? Astrophysics

Come si fa a pesare una particella di cui non si conosce l’esistenza?

La cosiddetta materia oscura costituisce l'85% del contenuto di massa dell'universo. I ricercatori lo chiamano "oscuro" perché non si nota nulla di esso - tranne la sua gravità. Tuttavia, questo può essere rilevato abbastanza bene. Senza la materia oscura, le galassie si muoverebbero diversamente da come dimostrano, e l'universo avrebbe una struttura diversa. Quindi i fisici hanno bisogno della materia oscura per spiegare il cosmo. Peccato che non sappiano ancora di cosa è fatto. Ci sono dei candidati: MACHOs (massicci oggetti compatti ad alone), WIMPs (particelle massive debolmente interagenti) e persino buchi neri invisibili dei primi giorni dell'universo. Ma finora,…
In search of the axion, a hypothetical elementary particle Astrophysics

In search of the axion, a hypothetical elementary particle

For some time now, physicists have been thinking about an elementary particle that has very little mass, no electric charge and no spin (quantum angular momentum). It would interact very little with other particles because of these properties and would therefore be a good candidate for dark matter, which is characterized by just that. But the axion is also used in physics because in the neutron, a neutral nuclear particle, the charge of the quarks of which it is composed is so perfectly distributed that it is not at all apparent to the outside world that there are balancing…
Axions to the rescue? Astrophysics

Axions to the rescue?

The neutron is, as suggested by its name, electrically neutral. Nevertheless, it still contains electrical charges. More specifically, it is made up of one up quark (charge: 2/3 of an electron charge e) and two down quarks (charge: -1/3 e each). In total, 2/3 + 2*(-1/3) equals exactly 0. But the neutron is not one-dimensional. It has a diameter of at least 1.7 * 10-15 meters, and when three components have to be spread out over any distance, even with an overall zero charge, some difference in charge should still be detectable. Calculations from theory say that a neutron should have an electrical dipole…